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Dictionary

Multilingual Fortification Dictionary

The Multilingual Fortification Dictionary (MFD) contains a illustrated list of fortifications and their translations in multiple languages ; The initiative for founding this dictionary came from Mr. Carlos Scheltema, IFC general secretary, honorary member of the Stichting Menno van Coehoorn and ICOMOS, in 2005.

In 2018, the IFC initiate the publication of the MFD on our website. We complete some definition and translation since now and we can propose the translation in 12 language (Croatian, Czech, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Lithuanian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish).

The IFC is considering to add new languages and new time periods, eventually including the ‘concrete’ and ‘reinforced concrete century’. IFC and will cooperate. Due to various circumstances work on the dictionary came to a standstill. Apart from that the layout of the dictionary’s website is outdated. The IFC plans on restarting the work on the dictionary and giving the website a new and modern look.. In October 2025, our general assembly in Evora (Portugal) decided to resume work on the dictionary in order to update it in light of research conducted in recent years on fortifications EFFORTS and to provide translations for new term.

Il some terms can be translate easely, for a definition of the World War II Atlantikwall (Sudwall and Siegfried line), see: /files/Atlantikwall_definition_of_a_phenomenon.pdf

You are invited to use the dictionary and to send comments etc. to the Secretariat (secretariat@internationalfortresscoucil.org ), that will forward the comments to the Multilingual Fortification Dictionary Working Group

Basic forms of fortification

Basic forms of fortification

A07a to A07f- Bastions a: ld italian system, b:New Italian system, c: old Dutch system,d:improved Dutch system, e:Vauban system, f: new Dutch system

A07a: A07b: A07c: A07d: A07e: A07f: English : bastion (Old Italian system) bastion (New Italian system) bastion (old Dutch system) bastion (improved Dutch system) bastion (Vauban system) bastion (new Dutch

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Basic forms of fortification

A08a to A08c -a : hollow (empty) b : bastion, full (solid) , c: bastion, solid, with cat (cavalier)

A08a A08b A08c English hollow (empty) bastion bastion, full (solid) bastion bastion, solid, with cat (cavalier) Croatian šuplji bastion, prazni bastion bastion, puni (čvrsti) bastion puni bastion s kavalirom Czech

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Basic forms of fortification

A09a to A09f – a : bastion, round, b : bastion, almond shaped, c : bastion, rounded, d : bastion, tenailled, e : bastion, mixed form, f : bastion, rectangular

A09a A09b A09c A09d A09e A09f English : bastion, round bastion, almond shaped bastion, rounded bastion, tenailled bastion, mixed form bastion, rectangular Croatian : rondela, kružni bastion bastion, bademoliki bastion

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Basic forms of fortification

A12 to A12e – a : earthwork, quadrangular, bastioned, b : earthwork, quadrangular with half bastions, c : earthwork, triangular, bastioned, d : earthwork, triangular with half bastions

A12 A12a A12b A12c A12d A12e English earthwork, quadrangular, bastioned earthwork, quadrangular with half bastions earthwork, triangular, bastioned earthwork, triangular with half bastions Croatian kvadratno utvrđenje s bastionima kvadratno utvrđenje

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Basic forms of fortification

A13 – starfort, fort of stellar trace

A13 English starfort, fort of stellar trace Croatian zvjezdoliko utvrđenje Czech hvězda Dutch sterrenschansen French ouvrage tenaillé (un), ouvrage en étoile (un) German Sternschanze (f) / Sternwerk (n) Italian Ridotte

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Extensions, annexes, superstructures, expansions

Extensions, annexes, superstructures, expansions

B01a to B01e

Croatian B01 B01b B01c B01d B01e English Croatian Czech různé druhy cimbuří Dutch muurvertandingen French merlon à chaperon (m) German Zinne (f), verschiedene Formen Dachzinne (f) Breitzinne (f) Rundzinne (f)

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Extensions, annexes, superstructures, expansions

B02a to B02d – a : merlon, crenel, b : hole, c : wallwalk, allure, d : machicoulis

B02a: B02b B02c B02d English merlon, crenel hole wallwalk, allure machicoulis Croatian prsobran otvor (rupa) za sipanje bedemski hodnik, galerija mašikul Czech cimbuří licí otvor ochoz podsebití Dutch kanteel/tinne werpgat

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Extensions, annexes, superstructures, expansions

B05 – turret, tower

BO5 English turret, tower Croatian toranj, kula (flankirajući) Czech bašta (flankovací) Dutch muurtoren French tour flanquante (une) German Turm (m) Italian Torre Lithuanian bokštas Polish Wykusz (różne formy: półkolista; o

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Extensions, annexes, superstructures, expansions

B06- round tower

English : round tower Croatian : okrugli toranj, okrugla kula Czech : bašta Dutch : rondeel French : rondelle (une) German : Rundbastion (f) Italian: Torre circolare Lithuanian : rondelis

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Extensions, annexes, superstructures, expansions

B07- bastion (half circular)

English : bastion (half circular) Croatian : okrugli bastion, rondela Czech : rondel Dutch : bastei French : fer à cheval (un) German : Bastei (f) / Rondell (n) Italian

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Extensions, annexes, superstructures, expansions

B10 – caponnière, caponier, open

B10 English : caponnière, caponier, open Croatian : kaponir (dvostrani zemljani) Czech : dvoukaponiéra, otevřená Dutch : caponnière, open French : double caponnière (une) German : Koffer (m) / Erdkoffer

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Extensions, annexes, superstructures, expansions

B11 – caponnière, caponier, covered

B11 English : caponnière, caponier, covered Croatian : kaponir (zatvoreni) Czech : dvoukaponiéra, krytá Dutch : caponnière, gesloten French : caponnière double (une) German : Grabenwehr (f) / Kaponniere (f)

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Extensions, annexes, superstructures, expansions

B12 – bastion with caponier

B12: English : bastion with caponier Croatian : vrat bastiona (s topovskim položajima) Czech : dvoukaponiéra bastionového půdorysu Dutch : bastionet-caponnière French : caponnière en as de pique (une) German

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Extensions, annexes, superstructures, expansions

B13 – tri-lobed caponier at angle of wall

B13 English : Croatian : dva vezana kaponira Czech : kaponiéra Kočičí uši Dutch : caponnière, dubbele hoek French : oreille de chat (une), caponnière à oreille de chat German

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Extensions, annexes, superstructures, expansions

B15 – echauguette, sentry-box, guerite, bartizan

B15 English : echauguette, sentry-box, guerite, bartizan Croatian : stražarnica Czech : strážní věžička Dutch : spietoren / arkel / peperbus / sentinel French : guérite (une), échauguette (une) German

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Extensions, annexes, superstructures, expansions

B16 – machicolation

B16 English : machicolation Croatian : mašikul Czech : arkýř Dutch : mezenkouw French : bretèche (une) German : Pechnase (f) / Gusserker (m) Italian : Guardiola. Bertesca Lithuanian :

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Bastion systems

Bastion systems

C01 – old Italian system

C01 English : old Italian system Croatian : stari talijanski sistem Czech : staroitalský systém Dutch : oud Italiaans stelsel French : ancien système italien German : altitalienisches System (n)

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Bastion systems

C02 – new Italian system

C02 English : new Italian system Croatian : novi talijanski sistem Czech : novoitalský systém Dutch : nieuw Italiaans stelsel French : nouveau système italien German : neuitalienische System (n)

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Bastion systems

C03 – French system, 1st Vauban

C03: English : French system, 1st Vauban Croatian : prvi Vaubanov sistem Czech : Vaubanův první systém Dutch : Frans stelsel, 1e Vauban French : premier système de Vauban German

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Bastion systems

C04 – French, system, 2nd Vauban

C04 English : French, system, 2nd Vauban Croatian : drugi Vaubanov sistem Czech : Vaubanův druhý systém Dutch : Frans stelsel, 2e Vauban French : deuxième système de Vauban German

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Bastion systems

C05 – French system, 3rd Vauban

C05 English : French system, 3rd Vauban Croatian : treći Vaubanov sistem Czech : Vaubanův třetí systém Dutch : Frans stelsel, 3e Vauban French : troisième système de Vauban German

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Bastion systems

C06 -old Dutch system

C06: English : old Dutch system Croatian : stari Nizozemski (Holandski) sistem Czech : staroholandský systém Dutch : oud Nederlands stelsel French : ancien système néerlandais German : altniederländisches System

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Bastion systems

C07: new Dutch system (Coehoorn)

C07: English : new Dutch system (Coehoorn) Croatian : novi Nizozemski (Holandski) sistem (Coehoorn) Czech : novoholandský systém Dutch : nieuw Nederlands stelsel (Coehoorn) French : nouveau système néerlandais German

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Bastion systems

C08: Tenaille-trace, tenaille-system

C08: English : Tenaille-trace, tenaille-system Croatian : tenalja Czech : klešťový systém Dutch : getenailleerd stelsel French : système tenaillé German : Tenaillensystem (n) Italian : Sistema tanagliato. Sistema a

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Bastion systems

C09: polygonal system (-trace) polygonal fortification

C09: English : polygonal system (-trace) polygonal fortification Croatian : poligonalni sistem Czech : polygonální systém Dutch : polygonaal stelsel French : système polygonal German : Polygonalsystem (n) Italian :

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Advanced works in bastioned systems

Advanced works in bastioned systems

D01: ravelin

D01: English : ravelin Croatian : revelin, ravelin Czech : ravelin Dutch : ravelijn French : ravelin German : Ravelin (n) Italian : Rivellino Lithuanian : ravelinas Polish : rawelin

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Advanced works in bastioned systems

D02: demi-lune

D02: demi-lune English : demi-lune Croatian : demi-lune Czech : půlměsíc Dutch : halve maan French : demi-lune German : Halbmond (m), halber Mond (m) Italian : Mezzaluna Lithuanian :

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Advanced works in bastioned systems

D03a: tenaille (straight) D03b : tenaille (broken)

D03a: D03b : English : tenaille (straight) tenaille (broken) Croatian : tenalja (pravilna) tenaille (slomljena) Czech : kleště (lomené) kleště (rovné) Dutch : tenaille, recht tenaille, gebroken French : tenaille

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Advanced works in bastioned systems

D04 : Tenaille

D04: English : tenaille Croatian : tenalja Czech : kleště Dutch : tenaille French : tenaille German : Tenaille (f) (präzis.: doppelte ~) Italian : Tenaglia Lithuanian : tenalis Polish

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Advanced works in bastioned systems

D05a D05b: swallow’s tail, dovetail, bishop’s mitre, – bonnet

D05a: D05b: English : swallow’s tail, dovetail bishop’s mitre, – bonnet Croatian : labuđi rep biskupska kapica Czech : vlaštovčí ocas biskupská mitra Dutch : zwaluwstaart papenmuts French : queue

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Advanced works in bastioned systems

D06: crownwork

D06: English : crownwork Croatian : krunska utvrda, kronenverk Czech : korunní hradba Dutch : kroonwerk French : ouvrage à couronne (un), couronné (un) German : Kronwerk (n) / Kronenwerk

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Advanced works in bastioned systems

D07a and D07b – a: coverface, counterguard

D07a: D07b: English : coverface, counterguard, counterguard, coverface, couvre-face Croatian : kontragarda kontragarda (djelomična) Czech : kontrgarda kontrgarda Dutch : couvre face contregarde French : contregarde (une) tenaillon (un) German

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Advanced works in bastioned systems

D08: hornwork

D08: English : hornwork Croatian : roglje (hornverk) Czech : rohová hradba Dutch : hoornwerk French : ouvrage à corne (un) German : Hornwerk (n) Italian : Opera a corno

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Advanced works in bastioned systems

D11a to D11e ecarpe, to escarpe gallery

D11a: D116b: D11c: D11d: D12e: English : escarpe, scarp escarpe, scarp escarpe gallery, scarp gallery Croatian : pročelje bedema, eskarpa kontrabedem, kontraeskarpa kruna bedema, kruna eskarpe kruna bedema, kruna eskarpe

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Advanced works in bastioned systems

D12ac and D12b: counterscarp gallery

D12a: D12b: English : counterscarp gallery counterscarp gallery Croatian : galerija kontraeskarpe kazamati kontraeskarpe, kofri kontraeskarpe Czech : kontreskarpová galerie vnější dvoukaponiéra Dutch : contrescarpgalerij contrescarpkoffer French : galerie crénelée

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Advanced works in bastioned systems

D13a : Carnot wall -D13b : Trench

D13a: D13b : English : Carnot wall Trench Croatian : predzid eskarpe (po Carnotu) dno příkopu Czech : Carnotova zeď Dutch : carnotse muur French : escarpe détachée à la

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Detached works

Detached works

E01a : redan – E01b : flèche

E01a: redan E01b: flèche English : redan flèche Croatian : redan fleša Czech : redan luneta Dutch : redan fleche French : redan (un) flèche (une) German : Redan (m)

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Detached works

E02 : lunette

E02: English : lunette Croatian : lineta Czech : luneta Dutch : lunet French : lunette (une) German : Lünette (f) Italian : Lunetta Lithuanian : liunetas Polish : luneta

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Detached works

E03: Martello Tower

E03: English : Martello Tower Croatian : Martelo toranj, Martelo utvrda Czech : věž Martello Dutch : Martellotoren French : tour Martello (une) German : Martello-Turm (m) Italian : Martello

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Detached works

E04: guntower

E04: English : guntower Croatian : okrugla kazamatirana utvrda Czech : dělostřelecká věž / věžový fort Dutch : torenfort French : tour à canon (une), tour-réduit circulaire (une) German :

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Designations, profiles, construction lines and angles in bastion-systems

Designations, profiles, construction lines and angles in bastion-systems

F01a to F01g : a- terre-plein, b -main rampart, c- faussebraye (shot trap), d- fosse, e- covered way, f- glacis, g- broken glacis

F01a: F01b: F01c: F01d: F01e: F01f: F01g: English : terre-plein main rampart faussebraye (shot trap) fosse, ditch, moat with cunette covered way glacis broken glacis Croatian : terre plein glavni

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Designations, profiles, construction lines and angles in bastion-systems

F04a to F04e

F04a: F04b: F04c: F04d: F04e: English : capital, magistral, magistral line exterior polygon curtain interior polygon salient, salient angle, flanked angle, bastion angle Croatian : središnja linija vanjski poligon kurtina

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Designations, profiles, construction lines and angles in bastion-systems

F05a to F05h: a- center angle, b- polygonal angle, d, angle of the gorge, e-shoulder angle, f- angle of the flanc, g- angle of thr tenaille, h- defense angla

F05a: F05b: F05c F05d: English : center angle polygonal angle angle of the gorge Croatian : središnji kut kut poligona, ugao poligona kut vrha bastiona, ugao vrha bastiona kut grla

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Directions of fire

Directions of fire

G01: dead ground, dead angle

G01: dead ground, dead angle English : dead ground, dead angle Croatian : mrtvi kut Czech : mrtvý úhel Dutch : onbestreken ruimte, dode hoeken French : angle mort (un)

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Directions of fire

G02a and G02b

G02a G02b English : Croatian : topnička paljba pješadijska paljba Czech : dělostřelecké palby / dálková obrana pěchotní palby / blízká obrana Dutch : hoofdschootsrichtingen geschut vanaf gebast. front hoofdschootsrichtingen

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Directions of fire

G05: cremaille-front

G05: English : cremaille-front Croatian : nazupčani front Czech : zalamovaná fronta Dutch : crémaillièrelinie French : ligne à crémaillères (une) German : sägeförmige Front (f) Italian : Fronte tanagliato

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Directions of fire

H01a and H01b: embrasure, gunport

H01a H01b: embrasure, gunport English : embrasure, gunport Croatian : prsobran topovski otvor, otvor za paljbu Czech : předprseň střílnový zářez Dutch : merlon / kast embrasure / schietsleuf French

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Places of arms

Barricades and materials

Hydraulic constructions

Shelters, bunkers and casemates

Siege works and -instruments